Lady With a Mask, 1911, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
“My
decorations belong to the poetic and imaginative world where a few choice
spirits live.” - Thomas Wilmer Dewing, from a letter to Charles Lang Freer dated February 16,
1901.
Dewing also said that, for real beauty, he needed to introduce a "sour note" into his compositions and In Lady With a Mask we see two types that he used often. The mask, at first glance, resembles a Japanese theatrical mask; on closer examination it suggests the style of the itinerant commedia dell arte players. In a 17th century Netherlandish vanitas painting, the head was a skull symbolizing the transience of earthly pursuits but that was not Dewing's view of life's meanings, however much his contemporaries saw echoes of the preternatural light, that "envelope of quiet air" by which recognize Vermeer's paintings. Consider the woman, holding the mask turned slightly away from us, her gaze turned obliquely toward the viewer at the same time that her body turns slightly away from us. All in all, nothing is exactly conventional in a Dewing picture, just as the actress Gertrude Chatfield who is the model here was a striking presence though not conventionally beautiful.
(The Recitation, 1890, Detroit Institute of Art, from the collection of Charles Lang Freer).
The afterlife of
Thomas Wilmer Dewing (1851-1938) has been unremarkable for decades
but just recently I thought about the artist again. Last year as the finances of the city of
Detroit unraveled, bankruptcy advocates demanded the unthinkable: that the
collection of the municipally owned Detroit Institute of Art be appraised for
possible sale and disbursement. Then,
just last week another potential calamity threatened as the financially troubled
Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C. announced that it must merge with the National Gallery of Art. Dewing, who in life had been so fortunate in
his patrons, was once again at artist at risk of losing his place in a
museum. And his major patron, Charles
Lang Freer, had intimate connections with both cities. (After Sunset, 1892, Freer gallery)
Freer (1854-1919), a New Yorker who made his fortune in railroad car manufacturing, moved to Detroit in 1880 and ten years later he decided to build a house there. In 1892, he commissioned Dewing and Dwight William Tryon to design the decorations for his Ferry Street residence. So pleased was Freer with the results that more commissions followed. A complementary pair of paintings, After Sunset (1893)and Before Sunrise (c.1894) pleased Freer greatly but the artist knew that his “decorations” as he called them, designed for specific architectural settings did not make a vivid impression on the public when they were loaned for exhibition. The women could be figures on an antique frieze, frozen in psychological isolation. It may have been Dewing's emphasis on formal aesthetics at the expense of incidental symbolism; nevertheless the artist insisted that such works were “above the heads of the public.” The soft tones of green, white, and mauve dlo resemble the faded colors of Renaissance frescoes, the gowned figires are more precisely delineated than the freely painted amorphous backgrounds.
The industrialist and
the artist had this in common: both had suffered deprivation in childhood. Freer's mother died when he was fourteen and
his father worked in a cement factory.
Even in his late twenties, Dewing had to share a flat with his mother,
sister, and brother, as he scraped together money for courses at Boston's
Museum of Fine Arts School. Like Winslow
Homer before him, Dewing had begun working as a
lithographer’s apprentice.
Another point of simpatico between Freer and Dewing was
reticence. In Freer, this may have
resulted from his relationships with other men or from relationships with women
(he never married). In any case, he died
after suffering for several years from syphilis. Dewing, the handsome and elegant sensualist
had, as we know, a good deal about which to be circumspect.
Moving to New York
City in 1880 , Dewing took a bedroom-studio in the auspiciously named Rembrandt
Building. There he met Tryon and, more
importanly, Maria Richards Oakey, a successful artist who had studied with two
illustrious teachers, John La Farge and William Morris Hunt. The couple married after a six moth courtship
and proceeded to execute several joint
paintings, including The Days and Hymen. With his usual shrewdness, the writer
Sadakichi Hartmann speculated that Maria's contribution and influence was
greater than the public would ever know. After visiting their studio, Hartmann
described it as zppearing to be a stage set peopled by a cast of “amateurs in
sympathetic, suffering, passive roles.” (Before Sunrise, c. 1893, Smithsonian Museum of American Art)
During their long, cogenial
association Freer became an accomplice in concealing Dewing's extra-marital
affairs with women who modeled for him.
“Destroy this letter, won't you” Dewing reminded Freer in a
communication dated July 27, 1898, that was mailed from the Players' Club in
New York City, in which he had discussed his affair with the actress Mollie
Chatfield who posed for Portrait of a Lady (c. 1898) among other
paintings,
Another favorite and
frequent model was Julia Baird, nicknamed Dudie. A child from a hardscrabble background, by
age seventeen Baird had already posed for Augustus Saint-Gaudens' nude statue
of the goddess Diana that scandalized
New Yorkers when Stanford White set it atop his Madison Square
Garden. Baird was also an actress and an enthusiastic traveler, a daring hobby for independently minded women at that time. "Social peculiarities" was the term that one critic applied to such artistically inclined women. On the first occasion that Freer saw a painting of Dudie Baird, he pronounced her - and, presumably the painting as well - a "corker."
(Portrait in Blue (Julia Baird), 1896, Freer Gallery, Washington, D.C.)Another favorite and
frequent model was Julia Baird, nicknamed Dudie. A child from a hardscrabble background, by
age seventeen Baird had already posed for Augustus Saint-Gaudens' nude statue
of the goddess Diana that scandalized
New Yorkers when Stanford White set it atop his Madison Square
Garden. Baird was also an actress and an enthusiastic traveler, a daring hobby for independently minded women at that time. "Social peculiarities" was the term that one critic applied to such artistically inclined women. On the first occasion that Freer saw a painting of Dudie Baird, he pronounced her - and, presumably the painting as well - a "corker."
“It is not
shapeless, it is not incoherent; the things that count, the faces and hands and
bits of detail, are drawn with extremest and minutest perfection. Yet it is not the completeness of the drawing
that strikes one, but its quality. It is
infinitely delicate and refined, the contour fading into the background or
reappearing with the changing light, and the color matches it, soft,
shimmering, evanescent. The canvases,
unless decorative work, are usually small.”
–
Sadakichi Hartmann, quoted from History of
American Art, vol. 1 (Boston: L. C. Page and Co., 1902), 307
Here Hartmann catches
what Dewing was aiming at in his paintings of female figures in sparsely
appointed rooms. Dewing chose titles
for his pictures with care, usually referring to the props employed – a mirror,
a vase, etc. His use of musical
instruments had been used by the 18th century French painter Jean-
Antoine Watteau. These props were
dynamically rendered but their lines were softened by the surrounding suffused
light. Dewing the sensualist in life was
a formalist in art.
Notes on the paintings
below:
At the time that it
was first exhibited publicly, Dewing regarded A Reading as the best
thing he had ever done. The critics
found something in it of Edgar Degas, in the skewed perspectives that play out
on the surface of the highly polished table.
Its strong and simple definition of the architectural elements of the
room reminds me of Fernand Khnopff, and with a similar result – a slight, hard
to pin down sense of foreboding. Even when Dewing's work was in eclipse,
regarded as outdated, the austere horizontal orientation of The Recitation found favor with admirers of
abstract art.
The verdigris jar, a
Roman antiquity, in Portrait of a Lady was borrowed from Dewing’s friend
Dwight William Tryon for the occasion
In Brocart de
Venise (c. 1898) Dewing's beautifully painted surface seems to be part of
the reverie of his sitters. Charlotte
Hicks, the actress who was the model sitting in the foreground, was gravely ill
at the time.....
The Mirror (c. 1907) We see the seated woman from two points of
view – the first order is her back to
the viewer and the second is the reflection of her face in the mirror. Dewing creates a singular rhythm by
juxtaposing her bare shoulders and the surface of the vase.
For further reading:
Beauty Reconfigured: The Art of Thomas Wilmer Dewing by Susan A. Hobbs, with Barbara Dayer Gallati, Washington, D.C.,
Smithsonian Institution Press: 1996.
A Reading, 1897, Smithsonian Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.
Portrait of a Lady, 1898, private collection, California.
Brocart de Venise, c.1904, Mildred Lane Kemper Museum, St. Louis.
Woman In a Mirror, 1907, Freer Gallery, Washington, D.C.
